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The decision of the optimal procedure to offer after a failed band ought to be largely associated to the causes of failure. Such revisions must be thought of only in patients with adequate primary weight reduction, now experiencing a band complication [16]. In spite of the reality that these procedures are considered among the simplest reoperations after bariatric surgery, a high incidence of morbidity has been reported [7]. In fact, up to two-thirds of the sufferers will expertise further issues, including recurrent prolapse, erosion, and failure of weight loss, and eventually the majority of these sufferers would require conversion to an alternate process [7]. Some of those recurrences may be associated to the failure of recognizing and correcting the underlying anatomic abnormality that led to the complication. Some authors speculate better weight loss and fewer development toward future reoperations with band substitute, each due to the utilization of newer generation bands and technical components (hiatal hernia repairs, utilization of latest more proximal retrogastric tunnel) [20]. Port-related problems account for a major variety of revisions (12 %) [7]. Of course, a more widespread band-related complication, corresponding to intragastric migration or a prolapse, should be ruled out first by fluoroscopic contrast and endoscopic evaluations. Further fluoroscopic research will identify the specific port-tube advanced complication and guide the sort of revision wanted. This, in fact, might contribute to added morbidity of general anesthesia, in addition to of the process itself. An informed discussion with the affected person has to be entertained, indicating the sensible results of this approach, and alternative choices (conversions) should be presented. Due to these potentially disappointing outcomes, a quantity of authors have advocated providing a few of these patients a conversion to a special procedure. Conversion In the case of weight loss failure or weight regain, conversion to a unique process is the technique of selection. Conversions are additionally indicated in the setting of band issues, each first time and recurrent. As previously mentioned, no randomized trials can be found to formulate a decision tree on the sort of revision to perform. Consideration must be given to the comorbidities current on the time of reintervention. Occasionally, within the presence of serious irritation of the peri-band tissues, a band removal only is performed at the first operation, adopted by conversion at a later date (two-step approach). No clear knowledge exist on the superiority of the two-step approach over the single step. It is apparent how complication rates are greater in the conversions than in the revisions (10. Although a few of these findings could be explained by anatomical reasons (technical modifications and compromises because of the revisional nature of the second process, i. As expected, operating time and morbidity are likely to be greater for the reoperative cases. After mobilizing the left lobe of the liver and coming into the fibrotic sheath, full exposure of the locking mechanism allows for elimination of the device. The fibrotic tract will aid within the identification of the gastro-gastric plication, which needs to be taken down. Awareness and avoidance of the fibrotic tissue, when attainable, will allow for a secure preparation of the gastric pouch. As beforehand mentioned, upsizing the staple heights and oversewing of all of the staple traces will decrease the risk of postoperative leak. Among its benefits are decreased chances of malnutrition, marginal ulcers, reactive hypoglycemia, and dumping syndrome. The mechanisms for postoperative leaks are once more related to ischemia and fibrotic tissue, especially on the gastroesophageal junction. Also, inadvertent transection of a non-adequately unwrapped portion of the fundus can result in postoperative leaks. Because of the comparatively inert material, as soon as the buckle is opened or transected, the band will easily slide out. The presence of abrasion might complicate this step, and based mostly on the degree of intragastric migration and perigastric reaction, placement of intra-abdominal drains must be thought-about. In patients with preoperative dysphagia or gastric outlet obstruction, efforts must be made to restore the traditional anatomy as much as possible, by taking down the gastric plication. According to a evaluation of the educational centers in the United States, the rise between 2004 and 2007 was in the order of one hundred twenty five % [25]. It is important to acknowledge how the method to gastric bypass also changed over time. In reality, eighty five % of gastric bypasses at the moment are performed laparoscopically, based on the aforementioned research. The different procedures are divided, once once more, into revisions, conversions, and reversals (Table 24. The expected issues and outcomes range significantly based mostly on the type of reoperation. Revisions Some scientific data exist on the potential anatomic abnormalities related to weight regain. Revisions target these particular anatomic abnormalities without altering the anatomy and physiology of the primary procedure. Contradictory evidence exists on the position of restriction (pouch and anastomotic size) in weight regain. If it appears intuitive that a small pouch (25�30 cc) would determine restriction and have an effect on weight loss upkeep, others have found no distinction based mostly on pouch size [27]. When all different potential contributors to weight regain are dominated out, within the presence of an isolated anatomic abnormality (large pouch, large anastomosis), revisional options can be mentioned with the patient. Trimming of the pouch ought to at all times proceed with a calibration tube or endoscope in place so as to reduce narrowing of the gastroesophageal junction. Oversewing the staple line reduces the chance of bleeding and leak, and this must be evaluated intraoperatively (leak check and intraoperative endoscopy). Similarly, gastrojejunal anastomotic dilatation has been associated with loss or restriction and weight regain in some research, but the opposite has additionally been demonstrated [28]. In general, modest weight reduction improvements are obtained with these interventions and their sturdiness stays largely unknown. Another potential benefit for the affected person who regains weight is increasing the diploma of malabsorption. Technically the lengthening of the Roux limb can be achieved either by disconnecting the biliopancreatic limb flush to the roux limb or by resecting the whole jejunojejunostomy. The advantage of the first approach is the need for only one anastomosis to reconstruct the gastrointestinal tract (as against two); the principle drawback is the potential narrowing of the roux limb at the site of biliopancreatic transection. Whenever the indications for revision come from a continual complication, similar to gastro-gastric fistula or recurrent ulceration, the outcomes seem to be more satisfactory. In the face of gastro-gastric fistulae, endoluminal procedures are rarely effective. Revisional choices embody resection of 24 Reoperative Bariatric Surgery 279 the fistulous tract, with or with out remnant gastrectomy.

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The Framingham Heart Study, for example, has produced volumes of data that are used in medical practice everyday, and patients in that cohort continue to be adopted. A retrospective cohort study differs from a prospective study only in that the result has already occurred on the initiation of the research. A case-control examine is much like a retrospective cohort research besides that patients are recognized by consequence rather than predictor. The medical records are then reviewed to see what the chances of preoperative diabetes were within the respective groups. A case-control design is used largely when the end result of curiosity occurs infrequently. When events are rare, a retrospective cohort examine would have to enroll a prohibitively large variety of sufferers to find a way to make certain that enough occasions happen to allow statistical evaluation. Therefore, the outcomes of a case-control study may be described when it comes to odds ratios but not absolute or relative risks. However, there stays a role for systematic reviews of current literature and for reporting anecdotal evidence. As such, a meta-analysis has the flexibility to propagate the inherent issues of the preliminary research, including publication bias. This includes the setting (the nation; whether it was a multiinstitutional versus single institution research; whether those institutions are primarily rural or urban, community hospitals or tertiary referral facilities; whether or not underserved minorities are likely to be included in the sample), the dates of the examine, the age and sex of the patients (studies primarily based on Medicare information. Studies typically list inclusion criteria, that are a algorithm by which the study authors chosen sufferers, followed by exclusion criteria, which get rid of patients from the sample. Inclusion and exclusion standards should be decided prospectively quite than in an ad hoc trend (which introduces bias), and the reader should be supplied with enough information to resolve if these standards were primarily based on sound logic and scientific precedent. The conclusions of the study can solely pretty be applied to sufferers similar to these studied. For instance, the conclusions of a multi-institutional examine from California can most likely be utilized to sufferers in New York. However, a examine based mostly on Medicare knowledge is unlikely to yield conclusions that can be rightly utilized to the inhabitants of 30- to 40-year-olds. In this case, the hypothesis may be reasonably formulated as "we predict that it is going to be potential to identify elements related to readmission" or "we predict that sure patient comorbidities and postoperative problems will be associated with readmission. Researchers are sometimes taught to picture first the best study to test their hypothesis and then modify that ideal to fit practical constraints. Not uncommonly, these modifications end in a research that only checks an approximation of the preliminary speculation. Predictors and outcomes which are unambiguously defined- affected person age or mortality, for example-are unfortunately the exception. Things that are of equal scientific curiosity such as surgeon training, postoperative issues, and affected person satisfaction are sometimes subjective in their nature. It is essential that the examine describes the method during which the predictor, consequence, and essential potential confounders were measured. If the outcome of interest is postoperative pneumonia, the research ought to state clearly how pneumonia was defined. Some measurement issues could additionally be intrinsic to the info source utilized by the study authors. Retrospective observational research, especially those who make use of a large medical or administrative database, are restricted to information which have been recorded without the study goals in thoughts. Large databases additionally typically make use of broad definitions for the sake of simplicity and for the purposes of together with a huge selection of patients and procedures. Patient-centered outcomes similar to a patient satisfaction and high quality of life are an increasingly important a part of clinical research. Most of the time, the title alone ought to be a sign of what query the authors got down to reply. Most hypotheses come within the type of the connection between a predictor (the unbiased variable) and an consequence (the dependent variable). For example, a research might hypothesize that using a retrocolic roux limb during gastric bypass is associated with fewer instances of inside hernia. In this instance, the surgical approach is the predictor and the rate of internal hernia occurrence is the end result. Other validated survey devices exist that are particular to certain patient groups, medical conditions, and procedures. In survival evaluation, a researcher could make use of those information to perform a strong analysis, even when total follow-up charges are disappointing. A printed study should comprise sufficient information to enable the reader to resolve how much is truth and the way a lot could possibly be defined by the opposite three. Study patients are incessantly misplaced to follow-up or have necessary pieces of knowledge missing from their record. It is necessary that a research acknowledges if there were problems with lacking data. Missing information could introduce a considerable supply of bias if the info are missing not in a random trend but due to a selected reason. There are a number of methods for coping with lacking information and the authors of a examine ought to be express about which they used. If the lacking knowledge characterize potential confounders that should be included in a regression model, they could select to exclude any patients who lack a report of these confounders or omit these confounders from the model entirely. The former may introduce bias and the latter might have a unfavorable impact on how nicely the study captures the impact of the predictor on the result. If the confounder is especially important, its absence from the mannequin could invalidate the outcomes. Lastly, the authors may make an informed assumption about what that information would have looked like and use these values within the evaluation. Survival (or time-to-event) analysis represents a subset of statistics that offers with missing data in a special fashion. However, it will be known how a lot time the affected person was followed without an event Chance Statistics is essentially the science of distinguishing meaningful results from random probability. If we flip a coin ten occasions and it lands on heads all but twice, ought to we conclude that the coin is weighted If the treatment group loses an average of fifteen pounds and the control group loses seven, did the remedy really work Mistaking the effects of chance for a meaningful end result is identified as an alpha error. Results are believed to be meaningful in the occasion that they reach a degree of statistical significance. Fischer in 1933 and has endured partly by conference and partly as a outcome of many researchers really feel it makes intuitive sense (perhaps, most individuals can accept a coin touchdown on heads 5 times in a row, however after the sixth time, they start to get suspicious-the p worth for six straight heads or tails is zero. Alpha error may be lowered by increasing the scale of the pattern and/or by working with data which may be likely to observe a predictable distribution. The potential for random chance to be mistaken for a significant result at all times exists.

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It was a waste of resources that might have been used in the therapy of "real" surgical problems such as duodenal ulcer disease. There was a failure to understand that the underlying inflammatory course of related to extreme weight problems affected every system in the body to a greater or lesser degree. It was not realized that management of the weight problems could be related to increased longevity and basic health. Department chairs grudgingly allowed younger surgical college to do bariatric surgical procedure because it produced quantity within the working room and technical expertise for residents. Bariatric surgery was usually looked upon as a nuisance that had a bent to congest intensive care units with longterm keep sufferers. Academic development for young surgeons occurred despite their involvement in bariatric surgery not because of their achievements in this area. National conferences not often accepted papers about bariatric surgical procedure, and when papers have been accepted they virtually always. By the early Nineteen Seventies, certain surgeons became sensitized to the issues associated with malabsorptive procedures and appeared for alternatives. At the University of Iowa, there were sturdy connections to the University of Minnesota. Not only had been they in relative proximity, but many of the school at Iowa had been educated in part on the University of Minnesota. Mason was involved within the gastrointestinal tract and particularly in peptic ulcer illness. Working with Chikashi "Chick" Ito, Mason performed a side-to-side anastomosis between the very upper third of the divided abdomen and a loop of jejunum to treat duodenal ulcers illness. He reported this in a 1967 publication during the peak of popularity for the jejunoileal bypass [6]. The paper was somewhat complicated to the surgical group because it reported outcomes for sufferers with two totally different illnesses. Over the next 8 years, Mason revealed three extra papers modifying the process by first making the anastomosis between the stomach and jejunum smaller and then considerably reducing the gastric pouch measurement. The procedure was performed high in the stomach and subsequently was technically demanding and the enlarged left lobe of the liver was usually problematic. Because the process concerned a loop of jejunum, regurgitation of small bowel content material into the gastric pouch incessantly occurred. Alden solved a number of the problems by taking away the loop and creating in Roux-en-Y limb for the gastrojejunostomy [7]. Mason continued to modify his procedure and by the mid1970s had first performed a gastric partition with the opening on the higher curvature of the abdomen. This vertical banded gastroplasty gained appreciable popularity and for a time frame within the early Nineteen Eighties was probably essentially the most commonly performed bariatric operation in the United States of America. Various surgeon pioneers began to perfect the operative strategies surrounding gastric bypass procedures. Investigators from the University of Kentucky and the University of North Carolina published comparability studies between the intestinal bypass process and gastric bypass [10, 11]. A silastic ring with a small balloon embedded on the internal side of the ring that might be accessed from a subcutaneously positioned reservoir Complications were clearly much less within the gastric procedures and weight loss was equivalent. During the 1980s, Mason continued to champion gastric restriction using the banded gastroplasty. Kuzmak invented a silastic ring with a small balloon embedded on the internal aspect of the ring that might be accessed from a subcutaneously placed reservoir [12]. At this phase within the improvement of bariatric surgery, which occurred within the 1980s, numerous people adopted the philosophy that gastric restrictive procedures-including gastric bypass, which was thought at that time to be primarily a restrictive procedure-were associated with much less in the best way of postoperative problems, produced passable weight loss, were related to amelioration of the complications of obesity, and have been technically reasonable to perform. Gastric restrictive procedures benefited enormously from advances in technology, especially within the area of stapling units. Surgeons also discovered many invaluable lessons as to the management of overweight people after other intra-abdominal procedures. Not all of the advances in bariatric surgical procedure have been confined to the North American continent. Bariatric surgical procedure was starting to turn into recognized in Europe, South and Central America, and to a lesser degree in Asia. The small gut is divided at about its midpoint and the ileal end is introduced up to be anastomosed to the stomach remnant. Scopinaro carried out a generous gastrectomy, normally leaving a gastric remnant about one-third the dimensions of the unique abdomen. He then divided the small gut at about its midpoint and brought the ileal finish up to be anastomosed to the abdomen remnant. The other end of the intestine that carried the biliary and pancreatic excretions was anastomosed to the side of the ileum, approximately a hundred and twenty cm from the ileocecal valve. This produced an abbreviated channel the place the digestive juices combined with ingested meals. His patients underwent a giant quantity of metabolic studies that demonstrated amelioration of lots of the comorbidities related to morbid weight problems. From the literature, it would appear that his patients required diligent and extended follow-up, however with this kind of management, Scopinaro reported excellent long-term results [14]. Metabolic As the decade of the Nineteen Eighties drew to a detailed, the sector of bariatric surgery had stabilized. The understanding of complex hormonal mechanisms and detailed physiology was at a much larger level than ever earlier than, although still fairly incomplete. The overwhelming majority of procedures were gastric restrictive procedures, with the most common operation carried out being the gastric bypass. The bariatric surgical neighborhood might now perform this sort of surgical intervention with an operative mortality of lower than 1 % and morbid problems occurring in less than 6 % of sufferers. Although insurance coverage was not broadly out there, certain payers have been starting to cowl the procedures. The field of surgical procedure for morbid weight problems was poised on the precipice, awaiting the following great breakthrough. Previous studies, within the early 1980s, dealt with modifications in insulin resistance and glucose metabolism after intestinal shunting procedures [16]. Insulin resistance improved and hyperglycemia disappeared even before weight loss had occurred. This report went nearly unnoticed, partially as a outcome of intestinal shunting procedures were out of favor. The Pories report about glucose metabolism and the amelioration of diabetes was properly received within the bariatric surgical neighborhood, but less properly acquired in the general medical community. The report confirmed that insulin ranges plummeted whereas glucose metabolism improved, suggesting a change in insulin resistance. Perhaps crucial results of this assembly were the creation of a analysis agenda and the extra widespread understanding of a number of the mechanisms by which diabetes was controlled with surgical intervention. It was understood that one thing was taking place to these sufferers that went far beyond simply rerouting the food flow within the intestines- something metabolic. Although Wolfe had introduced the time period "metabolic intestinal surgical procedure" in the mid-1970s, it was only now as surgeons begin to actually appreciate the magnitude of what was being achieved that the name "metabolic" resurfaced [19]. This seminal change refocused efforts on understanding how these procedures labored.

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Post-surgical refusal to eat: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa or a model new consuming dysfunction Gastric bypass surgical procedure for morbid weight problems results in a rise in bone turnover and a decrease in bone mass. Serum markers of bone turnover are elevated at six and 18 months after Roux-en-Y bariatric surgery: correlation with the discount in leptin. Vitamin D: importance in the prevention of cancers, type 1 diabetes, coronary heart disease, and osteoporosis. Vitamin D standing earlier than Roux-en-Y and efficacy of prophylactic and therapeutic doses of vitamin D in patients after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. To assist the reader achieve an understanding of the dietary concerns of weight management during four critical phases of the weight loss surgery process, which we call preparing, therapeutic, attaining, and sustaining 2. To establish the dietary goals at every section and address frequent patient concerns and challenges during each section 3. To take into consideration the burden loss process from a affected person perspective quite than solely a surgical perspective Introduction the purpose of this chapter is to help the reader achieve an understanding of the dietary considerations of weight administration during 4 critical phases of the burden loss surgery process, which we call preparing, therapeutic, achieving, and maintaining. We recognize that this may be a slight departure from the surgical approach more commonly encountered in the analysis literature: "preoperative," "early postoperative," and "later postoperative. In this chapter, we establish the dietary objectives at every part and handle widespread affected person issues and challenges during each part. While we draw on the wealth of scientific analysis available on weight loss surgical procedure, the goal of this chapter is sensible (what can dietitians do to enhance the likelihood that weight loss surgical procedure patients shall be successful We do, however, point the reader toward research on the various matters we contact on. In areas the place little research has been accomplished, or research findings are inconsistent or ambiguous, we spotlight that reality for the reader. Before we go any further, we must always address an necessary question that might be requested by dietitians not familiar with weight reduction surgical procedure. The question mark in the maintenance section is meant to indicate that little research has been accomplished on the nutritional issues of sufferers several years out from weight reduction surgical procedure, in addition to growing variations among patients. To the extent that the physiological profile of bariatric surgical procedure patients stays 129 C. Depends on many elements, similar to insurance coverage requirements, program traits, and patient readiness. What is clear, however, is that weight reduction previous to surgical procedure can improve surgical outcomes for a lot of sufferers. Several researchers have printed outcomes indicating that (1) a preoperative prep with associated weight loss and subsequent (2) decreased fats within the liver creates a technically safer process by growing the visual area and physical area for surgeons during a procedure [3�6]. Preparing the affected person physiologically for surgical procedure requires greater than simply selling weight reduction. Improving particular comorbidities, similar to elevated blood glucose, poor oxygen perfusion, and poor healing previous to weight loss surgical procedure, may enhance early postoperative recovery (less restoration time with higher managed comorbidities. Nutrition Intervention Strategy In light of the above, we offer two totally different nutrition intervention methods. The first supplies common strategies for the affected person to start a pattern of healthy diet, exercise, and behaviors that might be continued following surgical procedure. The second, which we call a "liver prep food plan," supplies modifications to the general pre-weight loss surgical procedure food plan for use when a shortterm intervention is required to decrease liver fats and/or whole 14 Nutrition Care Across the Weight Loss Surgery Process 131 weight prior to surgery. Importance of Medical Nutrition Therapy Medical vitamin therapy-which includes a nutritional evaluation, labs, and schooling relating to life-style change- ought to be used to present a patient with tools to appropriately management blood sugars and different focused comorbidities as nicely as adjust to program-specific weight reduction. In some sufferers, preoperative weight reduction could additionally be an onerous task, because of mobility constraints, insulin resistance, and weightpromoting medications. Research signifies that preoperative weight reduction with medical vitamin therapy can enhance glycemic management and may therefore be utilized in overweight sufferers with diabetes [10]. Additionally, the everyday dietary intake of preoperative sufferers exceeds 50 % of energy consumption from fats [12]. Nitrogen stability is severely compromised when dietary energy consumption is lower than 35 kcal/kg. Adding a hundred g of carbohydrate per day decreases nitrogen loss by 40 % in modified protein fasts. When it occurs, protein malnutrition is mostly observed at 3�6 months after surgical procedure and is largely attributed to the event of food intolerance to protein-rich foods. All postoperative patients are susceptible to growing proteinenergy malnutrition associated to decreased oral intake, however presurgery sufferers on a liver prep diet could additionally be vulnerable as well. Prevention of protein malnutrition requires regular assessment of protein consumption and counseling concerning ingestion of protein from protein-rich foods and protein supplements. In common, dietary protein should be established first in any diet in proportion to body weight, and then carbohydrates and fats should be added as determined by vitality wants [11, 15]. Substituting one or more every day meals with meal replacements may be applicable for sufferers needing to shed weight in preparation for surgery. Preparing the Patient for Lifestyle Changes Weight has been reported as an indicator of decreased liver mass, however is most likely not one of the best method (and is definitely not the only method) of evaluating how prepared for surgery or how profitable a patient shall be postoperatively with bariatric surgery. The main objective of the preoperative phase is to put together the burden loss surgery affected person for the lifestyle adjustments which are required after surgery. This will mean helping the sufferers to develop appropriate weight reduction expectations, identifying areas during which further support might be wanted, and dispelling misconceptions (knowledge about nutritional lifestyle: what to eat In other words, what can patients fairly anticipate within the first postoperative year by means of weight reduction, behaviors, and challenges Often, patients will come to the dietitian with questions that correspond to these key areas. Research signifies that people who shed pounds without surgery can expect to lose up to 5�10 % of their body weight [2]. A 10 % weight reduction is associated with substantial improvement in danger profiles for diabetes and heart problems. However, weight reduction surgical procedure patients might anticipate to lose considerably extra weight. How much weight the bariatric surgery patient can anticipate to lose is determined by the type of surgical procedure. A slightly dated meta-analysis [20] estimates the next common percent excess weight loss within the first 12 months by sort of surgery (95 % confidence intervals are in parentheses): 132 Table 14. Rather, emphasize "intuitive" and "mindful" eating � Consider food intolerances, allergic reactions, sensitivities, and patient finances Begins with the first go to with the dietitian Macronutrients Energy Protein Carbohydrates Fats Fluids Micronutrients Meal patterns J. Nutrition Care Across the Weight Loss Surgery Process Behavioral issues � � � � � Identify and keep away from set off environments. First, these are sample averages- individual patient results will nearly actually be completely different. Assuming a traditional distribution for weight loss following surgery, roughly half of the sufferers can realistically anticipate to lose less weight-perhaps substantially less. Notice that none of the averages (and, certainly, none of the 95 % confidence intervals) embrace a hundred % of extra weight reduction. But, whether they fall within the higher or lower ends of this distribution depends on the patient putting in a spread of lifestyle modifications. This highlights an essential level for helping the patient to develop realistic and strategic expectations. We will review the wholesome way of life abilities that increase the chance of success within the section on attaining part. The quick answer, based mostly on the research, is that you simply stand a good chance of regaining no less than some weight [12, 21].

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In the case of the gastric band, nevertheless, food intolerance will enhance as the band is adjusted, or "filled," to turn out to be extra restrictive. Commonly difficult foods in all teams of patients embrace purple meat, poultry breast, vegetables, bread, rice, pasta, and fish. Teaching patients the aforementioned behavioral methods, in addition to alternate preparation strategies corresponding to marinating or grinding meats, getting ready sure foods utilizing moist cooking strategies, and toasting bread products, will enhance tolerance. Loss of Appetite A decreased urge for food is considered to be a fascinating effect of most bariatric procedures because it promotes weight loss. This effect is normally temporary, lasting anywhere from a number of weeks to several months following surgical procedure. However, in some cases loss of appetite may result in a severe prolonged decrease in oral intake, which puts sufferers in danger for dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and extra muscle catabolism. Management of these sufferers usually includes a heavy reliance on high-quality protein in a liquid kind. Examples are milk, commercially available protein powders combined with liquids, or pre-mixed beverages corresponding to shakes. Hypomagnesemia might trigger resistance to thiamin repletion and thus must also be thought of [3, 4]. Serum levels of potassium, magnesium, and phosphorus should be checked daily for the primary 3 days and repleted promptly. In one examine of bariatric surgical procedure sufferers, hypomagnesemia was commonly reported [5], while it was not famous in any respect in one other [6]. Two out of the three sufferers had to be handled for each hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia. In the vast majority of the reported cases of hypokalemia following bariatric surgery, sufferers have been taking diuretics for hypertension [5]. Another concern in patients who turn out to be dehydrated within the post-op interval is the development of deep vein thrombosis and the potential for a deadly complication similar to pulmonary embolism. Risk elements for development of neurological complications after bariatric surgery embody (1) price and absolute quantity of weight reduction, (2) prolonged gastrointestinal symptoms (vomiting, diarrhea), (3) not attending a diet clinic after surgical procedure, (4) lack of vitamin and mineral supplementation, (5) decreased serum albumin and transferrin, and (6) postoperative surgical issues requiring hospitalization [7]. The time period is defined as a polynutritional, multisystem dysfunction characterised by protracted postoperative vomiting, hyporeflexia, and muscular weakness. Thiamin deficiency tends to happen in the first weeks or months following surgical procedure, while vitamin B12 deficiency might develop from a couple of months to a few years after surgical procedure since liver shops of vitamin B12 are identified to exist for up to 5 years [1]. The listing of vitamins that have been related to neuropathy is extensive [3, 7]: � Calcium � Copper � Folate � Homocysteine Dehydration and Electrolyte Abnormalities A main concern with the affected person experiencing prolonged, extreme intolerance to oral fluids is dehydration. Increased gastrointestinal losses, from vomiting or diarrhea, can exacerbate dehydration. Hydrochloric acid is required for the conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin, which releases B12 from protein. With the assistance of intrinsic issue launched from the gastric parietal cells, the final step in energetic absorption of B12 happens within the terminal ileum [1, 4]. Liver shops of B12 might last several months to years, however deficiency might develop without applicable supplementation. Manifestations of B12 deficiency include macrocytic anemia, leucopenia, glossitis, thrombocytopenia, paresthesia, and irreversible neuropathies. The plasma concentration of vitamin B12 is the most effective routine measure of B12 deficiency. Deficiency should be suspected whenever the focus falls under 150 or 200 pmol/mL [13, 14]. However, both vitamin B12 and the B-vitamin folic acid are concerned in maturation of red blood cells. Folic acid supplementation can mask a B12 deficiency and allow neurological harm to develop or progress [13]. Because B12 and folate are concerned in the metabolism of homocysteine, hyperhomocysteinuria is a nonspecific marker of deficiency. Thiamin One of the most severe dietary deficiencies is that of the water-soluble vitamin thiamin (vitamin B1). A important amount of these patients have thiamine deficiency preoperatively because of a poor food plan. Inadequate intake, noncompliance with supplements, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea all enhance the chance for creating thiamin deficiency. The urgency of thiamin repletion is underscored by the potential irreversibility of significant well being problems, together with neuromuscular disorders, permanent studying and memory defects, coma, and even death [1]. Some authors recommend that every one bariatric surgical procedure patients who current with nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea from any cause should proactively obtain thiamin prophylactically for prevention of neurological issues [3]. Diagnosing Vitamin B12 Deficiency [14] � B12 level <100 pg/mL, deficiency present. Since ~1 % of orally supplemented B12 can be absorbed passively, outlined as with out the necessity for intrinsic issue, this kind may be effective as well [1]. Additionally, the vitamin can be given as an intranasal product, sublingually, or as an injectable-this final kind is considered to be the benchmark. Protocols for administration of a confirmed B12 deficiency are as follows: � 350 (mu)g (mcg) oral crystalline vitamin B12 every day or 500 (mu)g intranasally on a weekly basis. Either 1,000 (mu)g vitamin B12 month-to-month or 1,000�3,000 (mu)g every 6�12 months could also be needed [15]. After B12 ranges normalize, 250�500 (mu)g should be continued orally every day [11]. If not acknowledged in a timely style, the dearth of vitamin B12 may result in a life-threatening condition such as the Guillain-Barre syndrome characterized by an ascending demyelinating polineuropathy that results in respiratory failure and demise. Copper Copper is one other nutrient important to the correct maintenance and function of the nervous system. While deficiency following bariatric surgery is uncommon, it has been reported to occur after gastric surgery and ought to be thought of in sufferers who current with signs of myelopathy [1, 4]. Management of deficiency has been suggested as follows: 6 mg of elemental copper (superior absorbability as in contrast with copper gluconate) per day for 1 week, adopted by four mg per day the subsequent week, and 2 mg every day thereafter [3]. Oral copper, zinc, and iron supplements compete with each other for intestinal uptake; ideally they should be taken individually. It has been suggested that 1 mg of copper must be supplemented for each 8�15 mg of zinc given [16]. Management of Nutritional Anemias Nutritional Anemia While the commonest nutrients related to anemia are iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid, clinicians must be aware that anemia following bariatric surgical procedure can also be related to copper, vitamin A, and selenium deficiency. They are more likely seen not as isolated deficiencies of 1 vitamin or one mineral, however rather as a combination of deficiencies. These levels ought to be evaluated if routine screening for the more common nutrients is adverse [15]. Iron Iron deficiency is a decrease in iron shops, most easily decided by a low ferritin stage. Vitamin C dietary supplements can increase iron absorption and ferritin ranges and thus assist patients with resistant iron deficiency [15, 17].

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In contrast, weight problems in males was related to considerably decreased dangers of melancholy as in comparison with males of average weight, suggesting a protecting impact of extra weight. Between 25 and 30 % of candidates for bariatric surgical procedure report clinically important symptoms of melancholy at the time of surgery. Those who rating in the average to extreme range of despair require further examination and are requested about their sleep, focus, cognition, vocational and social functioning, as properly as the presence Eating and Activity Habits Eating and bodily exercise habits are behaviors that require consideration from the complete bariatric surgical procedure staff both before and once more after surgery. Registered dietitians usually evaluate these domains and make recommendations to sufferers, though in some programs, together with our personal, the mental health professional also assesses these behaviors as a half of the preoperative psychological consultation. Studies have discovered that sufferers typically devour approximately 2,400 kcal/day prior to surgical procedure [16, 17]. However, patients report a wide variety of caloric intake; some could also be consuming 3,000�4,000 kcal/day and report every day consumption of food from quick meals and takeout restaurants. In contrast, others who present for bariatric surgery may already be consuming a beneficial calorie goal from a nutritionist, doctor, or commercial program in an effort to control their weight and other comorbidities. Beyond total energy, it is essential to assess the number and types of meals and snacks consumed daily. Breakfast skipping is a typical presentation, with a small minority of sufferers reporting not consuming a full meal till dinner. In one study that included a sample of 147 patients in search of bariatric surgical procedure, fifty nine % reported morning anorexia greater than half of the time, and 17 % reported that they delayed their first meal until noon or later [18]. Fasting for extended intervals of time will increase the danger of loss of control consuming and binge episodes, and lack of control consuming has been emerging as a predictor of weight regain postoperatively [19]. Breakfast skipping and daytime fasting may also characterize a shift in the circadian sample of eating consistent with night consuming syndrome [20]. Persons experiencing nocturnal ingestions (waking from sleep to eat) preoperatively could continue to expertise them after surgical procedure and, as such, can be an necessary behavior to modify. Patients have also reported that sure eating behaviors have contributed considerably to their weight achieve. These components included (1) eating in response to adverse have an effect on, (2) consuming in response to constructive affect and social cues, (3) common overeating and impaired urge for food regulation, (4) overeating at early meals, and (5) snacking. Surgery sufferers with gentle to extreme (as opposed to minimal) depressive signs reported a significantly greater affect of unfavorable have an result on on their consuming. Additionally, the 27 % of the pattern meeting standards for binge consuming disorder scored higher on each factor as in comparability with these without disorder. Snacking or "grazing" after surgical procedure additionally appears to symbolize a danger for attenuated weight reduction and weight regain. Thus, raising awareness with sufferers concerning the impact of those eating behaviors on their past weight historical past, and their doubtless influence on weight reduction and retention postoperatively, is a vital part of the preoperative evaluation and education process. Childhood Maltreatment In the overall inhabitants, roughly one third of women and 8 % of males report a historical past of childhood sexual abuse [23]. Similar percentages of adults report a history of physical abuse, although estimates of the charges for both experiences vary depending upon examine methodology. Both sexual and bodily abuse are believed to be danger elements for the event of weight problems. The price of childhood maltreatment may be even larger among those with extreme weight problems, with studies suggesting that up to 32 % of candidates for bariatric surgery reported a history of sexual abuse and 29 % a history of bodily abuse [25, 26]. Almost 70 % reported a history of childhood maltreatment, together with emotional neglect, imprisonment of a father or mother, substance abuse within the house, or different unlucky experiences. However, patients with a historical past of sexual abuse could experience some "emotional turbulence" as they undergo the period of rapid weight reduction and expertise important modifications in their physical appearance and body picture. This misery and discomfort may intrude with dietary adherence and, in some cases, may not directly lead some individuals to return to maladaptive eating behaviors and meals choices as they use eating as a coping mechanism. For these reasons, we routinely ask sufferers about a historical past of childhood maltreatment during their preoperative evaluation and counsel them about how these points hold the potential to remerge postoperatively. Stigma and Discrimination Family Support the choice to search bariatric surgical procedure is a big one, not only for the affected person but for his or her relations. Intuitively, the satisfaction with and high quality of those relationships could influence postoperative outcomes, though this issue has obtained little empirical study. For these causes, family relationships are usually discussed during the preoperative psyWeight-related stigmatization or overt discrimination of overweight individuals is believed to be a standard, if not pervasive, experience. Intuitively, these experiences might contribute to the psychosocial misery seen in persons with weight problems. Bias in opposition to persons with obesity has been present in social, academic, occupational, and even medical settings [29]. Somewhat surprisingly, weight-related stigma and discrimination have obtained relatively little attention in the bariatric surgical procedure literature. A historical past of weight-based teasing, which is 1 Psychosocial Characteristics of Bariatric Surgery Candidates 7 probably probably the most ubiquitous type of stigma, has been found to be associated with higher ranges of despair, physique picture dissatisfaction, and poorer vanity in bariatric surgical procedure patients [30]. However, no less than two research have advised that the rate of the most overt forms of stigma and bias in opposition to those with extreme weight problems who current for bariatric surgery may not be as frequent as intuitively thought [31, 32]. Nevertheless, the incidence of stigmatization is associated with poorer weightrelated high quality of life and larger signs of melancholy. Thus, the expertise of stigma and discrimination maintain the potential to have detrimental psychosocial effects. Ideally, the patient ought to have 3�4 weeks of time set aside to endure the operation, recuperate from it bodily, and begin to adapt to the postoperative dietary and behavioral changes required of surgery. In circumstances by which candidates report extremely tense life occasions, it may be helpful to suggest that they delay surgical procedure until the stressors have resolved. Most psychological well being professionals who work in the space have doubtless been asked, either by surgeon colleagues, other medical professionals, laypersons, or patients themselves, "Can you are expecting postoperative consequence based mostly upon the preoperative analysis Conclusion this chapter has reviewed the more general psychosocial traits seen in men and women who current for bariatric surgical procedure. Many patients share commonalities with regard to their motivations for surgery, personality traits, widespread eating and activity conduct patterns, and expectations of postoperative outcomes. Others vary tremendously with regard to their developmental historical past, family relationships, and other life experiences. This may be particularly true when individuals who are suffering from extreme weight problems and present for bariatric surgery are thought of. Research on psychosocial traits of patients has played an essential role within the growth and refinement of those preoperative evaluations over the past decade. This research, in addition to Psychological Characteristics and Postoperative Outcomes Patients who undergo bariatric surgery have been discovered to expertise, on average, significant reductions in symptoms of melancholy, anxiety, and binge consuming disorder and significant improvements in high quality of life [33]. An important query, nevertheless, is the relationship between preoperative psychological characteristics and postoperative outcomes. At present, the relationship between preoperative psychological status and postoperative outcomes is unclear [34, 35]. Some studies have advised that preoperative psychopathology and eating behavior are associated with suboptimal weight loss; others have instructed that preoperative psychopathology will not be associated with smaller weight losses however may be associated with untoward psychosocial outcomes. Unfortunately, the complex relationship between obesity, persona characteristics, and psychopathology and numerous methodological issues within this literature make eight D.

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Patients handled by way of life modification for 20�30 weeks typically regain about one-third of their lost weight within the year following therapy. Weight regain slows after the first yr, however by 5 years the vast majority of patients are more probably to have returned to their baseline weight [23]. A variety of environmental and behavioral factors additionally play a job in weight regain. For instance, as quickly as sufferers stop lively participation in lifestyle modification, they encounter an environment filled with countless, convenient eating opportunities (particularly for high-calorie foods) and which additionally discourages engagement in bodily activity. Despite these disheartening observations, information from the National Weight Control Registry [25] means that some individuals are successful maintaining weight losses over prolonged periods of time. Individuals in the Registry report eating a reduced calorie food plan (approximately 1,four hundred kcal/d) which is low in fats and excessive in carbohydrates. At the same time, they interact in excessive ranges of life-style and programmed exercise (approximately 2,800 kcal/wk). A massive proportion of Registry patients additionally proceed to self-monitor their meals intake and every day energy. Many registry members report that they frequently weigh themselves; forty four % weigh themselves at least once a day and 31 % weigh themselves weekly [26]. This contact provides participants the assist and motivation needed to proceed to practice weight control behaviors. Within the previous decade, there has been elevated consideration to using electronically offered remedy, both for preliminary weight reduction as well as weight maintenance [21, 27�30]. However, the spectacular outcomes seen with surgical procedure have to be balanced by stories suggesting that 20�30 % of patients fail to attain the everyday postoperative weight reduction or begin to regain large quantities of weight within the first 2 years of surgical procedure [31, 32]. These suboptimal outcomes are normally attributed to behavioral components, together with dietary consumption, disordered consuming, and low levels of physical exercise [33]. As a results of these remedy "failures," a quantity of patients are returning for additional surgical procedures, when software of lifestyle modification may be a more appropriate first-line intervention. This may be the outcome of the transient nature of the intervention and lack of particular dietary counseling within the intervention group. Furthermore, bariatric patients wrestle to routinely follow-up with their packages, either by way of annual visits or attendance at assist groups. A number of studies have discovered that extra frequent postoperative follow-up and/or attendance at support teams is related to larger weight reduction [40�43]. Recently, investigators have begun to apply way of life modification interventions to the postoperative care of bariatric sufferers and to improve postoperative outcomes. Papalazarou and colleagues completed a pilot study of 30 ladies who underwent laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding and have been randomly assigned to ordinary postoperative care or a lifestyle intervention of standard behavior modification methods delivered by a dietitian in month-to-month visits through the first postoperative year [44]. The intervention led to significantly larger weight reduction and weight maintenance 12, 24, and 36 months after surgery (45. In a pilot examine of 33 individuals, Faria and colleagues used a low glycemic load food plan to promote a 4. Kalarchian and colleagues reported on 36 patients who had lost <50 % of their excess weight at least 3 years postoperatively [46]. They had been randomly assigned to a behavioral weight management program or wait record control group for roughly 6 months. Individuals who obtained the intervention lost extra weight than those within the control group (5. Sarwer and colleagues recently accomplished a pilot examine designed to examine the hypothesis that the availability of postoperative dietary counseling, delivered by a registered dietitian, would result in greater weight loss, as nicely as extra positive enhancements in dietary consumption and consuming conduct, as in comparison with standard postoperative care [47]. Eighty-four sufferers were randomized to considered one of two postoperative treatment conditions. Forty-one patients had been assigned to temporary (15 min), every-other-week, in-person postoperative dietary counseling sessions with a dietitian for the primary 4 months after surgical procedure. At every postoperative evaluation, people who acquired dietary counseling had lower imply consumption of calories, sweets, and fat and higher mean protein consumption as in comparability with individuals in normal care. Results of this pilot research provide help for the potential utility of postoperative dietary counseling to improve outcomes following bariatric surgical procedure. First, the relatively small pattern sizes of the two teams could have prevented the detection of statistically important variations between them. That is, the dietary counseling took place in the course of the period of biggest weight loss and when the physiological results of bariatric surgical procedure could also be most potent. The intervention may be of greater benefit to sufferers whether it is extended throughout the postoperative interval. Encouragingly, a publish hoc evaluation revealed that those who obtained four or extra counseling sessions misplaced extra weight than those who participated in fewer periods, together with a 7. The findings from these pilot research provide some proof for the potential efficacy of postoperative life-style modification interventions after surgery. Larger studies of this issue are clearly needed and should must consider to embrace the use of electronically delivered. New Developments in Lifestyle Modification Given the insufficiencies of life-style modification remedies to present long-lasting weight losses, some investigators are incorporating revolutionary psychological parts to increase adherence to eating and bodily activity recommendations. These embody using Internet interventions [48], financial incentives [49], and motivational interviewing [50]. Some programs additionally give consideration to elevating consciousness of decision-making processes to increase deliberate health-related choices despite of an implicit drive for reward. Early research supports the efficacy of acceptance-based behavioral interventions. Results from a number of analog research counsel the superiority of acceptance-based versus commonplace cognitive-behavioral methods for managing meals cravings, particularly in these with larger ranges of disinhibited consuming and higher responsivity to the food setting [53, 54]. Other research have demonstrated the efficacy of acceptancebased interventions for weight reduction. Recent analysis has expanded upon these initial findings by evaluating longer-term interventions with an emphasis on acceptance-based strategies. For instance, Niemeier and colleagues found that a 24-week acceptance-based intervention resulted in particularly large weight losses (10. Forman and colleagues reported substantial weight loss at each posttreatment and 6-month follow-up (8. In an extension of this examine, 128 individuals have been randomly assigned to obtain a 40-week normal behavioral intervention or an acceptance-based behavioral intervention. Combined, the present research suggests that the addition of acceptance-based elements to way of life modification programs could additionally be beneficial, especially for those with larger responsivity to the meals surroundings and with larger ranges of disinhibited consuming. There are theoretical reasons for hypothesizing that acceptance-based interventions may be significantly beneficial for people post-bariatric surgical procedure. For occasion, starvation and food cravings are implicated in weight regain among bariatric surgery sufferers [58], and higher tolerating these type of aversive inner experiences is a focus of acceptance-based approaches. For instance, one case study has reported on the success of a mindfulness- 15 Lifestyle Modification for the Treatment of Obesity 153 based mostly intervention postsurgery in continued weight loss and decreased emotional consuming and grazing [59]. Also, a normal cognitive-behavioral intervention that integrated mindfulness methods targeting binge eating resulted in sustained weight reduction after bariatric surgical procedure [60].

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These interventions usually produce a weight loss of 7�10 % of preliminary physique weight and which is associated with enhancements in weight-related health issues. Recent studies have suggested that these interventions also have the flexibility to be translated to each primary care apply in addition to different modalities such as phone counseling and the Internet. Patients who continue to interact in the way of life modifications strategies that promoted the preliminary weight loss seem to have some success in maintaining these losses over prolonged periods of time. Unfortunately, physiological adjustments, environmental elements, and the difficulty in making these modifications an everyday a half of every day dwelling make long-term upkeep troublesome for many. The comparatively modest dimension of the burden losses seen with way of life modification, coupled with the challenges of longterm weight upkeep, lead many professionals who usually work with bariatric patients to shortly low cost the worth of lifestyle modification for weight reduction. In the previous few years, a variety of small research have begun to have a look at the potential utility of lifestyle interventions to promote lifelong success after bariatric surgery, significantly for those individuals who expertise smaller-thanexpected early weight losses or sizable weight regain. Furthermore, newer models of behavioral change, such as Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, present promise when their potential software to bariatric surgical procedure is taken into account. For these reasons, way of life modification is likely to play an essential position within the further improvement and refinement of bariatric surgical procedure within the years to come. A massive share of Registry patients selfmonitor their food intake and daily calories. The use of theory in well being behavior research from 2000 to 2005: a systematic evaluation. Effects of intermittent train and use of residence exercise equipment on adherence, weight reduction, and fitness in overweight women: a randomized trial. Physical activity and weight reduction: does prescribing higher bodily exercise goals enhance consequence Physical activity in the therapy of the maturity chubby and weight problems: current proof and research issues. Effects of withdrawal from metformin on the event of diabetes within the diabetes prevention program. The effect of a structured behavioral intervention on poorly managed diabetes: a randomized managed trial. Comparison of bariatric surgical procedures on diabetes remission: efficacy and mechanisms. Dietary consumption and eating conduct after bariatric surgical procedure: threats to weight loss maintenance and strategies for fulfillment. Ecological momentary evaluation of the relationship between intention and bodily exercise conduct in bariatric surgical procedure sufferers. Physical exercise levels of patients present process bariatric surgical procedure in the Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery study. Pre-to postoperative modifications in physical activity: report from the Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery examine. Becoming physically energetic after bariatric surgical procedure is related to improved weight reduction and health-related high quality of life. High-volume exercise program in obese bariatric surgery patients: a randomized, managed trial. Motivation, readiness to change, and weight loss following adjustable gastric band surgical procedure. Positive relationship between assist group attendance and one-year postoperative weight loss in gastric banding patients. Lifestyle intervention favorably affects weight reduction and upkeep following obesity surgery. Effects of web behavioral counseling on weight loss in adults in danger for sort 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. General ideas and empirically supported strategies in cognitive habits therapy. A comparability of acceptance- and control-based strategies for dealing with food cravings: an analog examine. Comparison of acceptance-based and commonplace cognitive-based coping methods for craving sweets in chubby and overweight women. Teaching acceptance and mindfulness to enhance the lives of the obese: a preliminary test of a theoretical model. Reoperative consuming conduct, postoperative dietary adherence, and weight loss after gastric bypass surgery. Eating mindfully and cultivating satisfaction: modifying consuming patterns in a bariatric surgery affected person. A cognitive-behavioral mindfulness group therapy intervention for the therapy of binge consuming in bariatric surgical procedure sufferers. Effectiveness of phone support in increasing bodily activity in primary care patients. Comparing thought suppression and acceptance as coping methods for meals cravings. The practical information: identification, analysis, and remedy of chubby and weight problems in adults. Post-surgery adherence to scheduled visits and compliance, more than personality issues, predict consequence of bariatric restrictive surgery in morbidly overweight sufferers. Compliance with surgical after-care following bariatric surgery for morbid weight problems: a retrospective examine. Design and implementation of an interactive web site to support long-term upkeep of weight reduction. Comparison of methods for sustaining weight reduction: the weight loss upkeep randomized controlled trial. Fitness, fatness, and cardiovascular threat elements in type 2 diabetes: look ahead research. Identify the medicines available for the therapy of obesity and perceive which patients are candidates for every kind of treatment. Understand the risks, advantages, and side effects of every of the remedy choices. Introduction Obesity is a persistent illness and, as such, requires longterm, complete treatment. Fortunately, with growing research showing the complexity of vitality regulation and steadiness, this previously pervasive attitude has subsided. Obesity needs to be handled each aggressively and chronically in order for sufferers to not solely lose the burden, but to assist them A. The development of medication for the therapy of weight problems has traditionally been wrought with challenges. Some of the primary drugs used for the treatment of weight problems included thyroid extract and subsequently dinitrophenol; nevertheless, each were discontinued because of severe unwanted effects. In the 1930s, Benzedrine and amphetamines were introduced and their use elevated over subsequent many years. In 1959, phentermine was approved for the remedy of obesity, and subsequently in 1973, it was combined with fenfluramine [3]. This combination, in any other case often recognized as "fen-phen," was linked to each cardiac valvulopathy and pulmonary hypertension, and fenfluramine and its isomer, dexfenfluramine (Redux), had been removed from the market in 1997.

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